Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer is often called the “silent killer” because symptoms are vague and usually appear only at later stages. Nearly 60% of cases are diagnosed at advanced stages, when treatment is less effective. Early detection is therefore crucial to improve outcomes.

Biomarkers in Focus

Two important blood biomarkers are used in ovarian cancer screening:

• HE4 (Human Epididymis Protein 4)
  Found to be elevated in up to 90% of ovarian cancer cases and offers higher specificity. When combined with CA125, HE4 significantly improves the ability to distinguish between benign ovarian disease and ovarian cancer.
• CA125
  Elevated in many women with ovarian cancer but can also be raised in certain benign conditions.

Risk Calculation

Ovarian cancer risk is calculated based on the concentration of CA125 and HE4 biomarkers in the blood. This combined approach provides a more reliable risk assessment compared to using CA125 alone.

Who Should Consider Screening?

Screening may be especially useful for:

• Women with a family history of ovarian or breast cancer
• Women with genetic risk factors (e.g., BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations)
• Women experiencing persistent abdominal bloating, pelvic pain, or changes in appetite
• Postmenopausal women with ovarian abnormalities detected on ultrasound

Benefits of Screening

• Early Detection – increases chances of effective treatment
• Improved Specificity – combining CA125 with HE4 reduces false positives
• Risk Stratification – helps doctors decide next steps in diagnosis and management